Document Type : Review Article

Authors

• Raeni Dwi Putri ¹
• Syifa Alfiah Sujana ¹
• Nadhira Nizza Hanifa ¹
• Tiffanie Almas Santoso ¹
• Murdani Abdullah ^{2, 3}

¹ Faculty of Medicine, University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia

² Division of Gastroenterology, Pancreatobilliary and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

³ Human Cancer Research Center, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is essential to reduce incidence and mortality rates. However, participation in screening remains suboptimal. ColonFlag, a machine learning algorithm using complete blood count (CBC), identifies individuals at high CRC risk using routinely performed tests. This study aims to review the existing literature assessing the efficacy of ColonFlag across diverse populations in multiple countries.
Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) were followed in reporting this systematic review. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for English articles, using keywords related to CBC, machine learning, ColonFlag, and CRC, covering the first development study from 2016 to August 2023. The Cochrane Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) was used to assess the risk of bias.
Results: A total of 949 articles were identified during the literature search. Ten studies were found to be eligible. ColonFlag yielded Area Under the Curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.736 to 0.82. The sensitivity and specificity ranged from 3.91% to 35.4% and 82.73% to 94%, respectively. The positive predictive values ranged between 2.6% and 9.1%, while the negative predictive values ranged from 97.6% to 99.9%. ColonFlag performed better in shorter time windows, tumors located more proximally, in advanced stages, and in cases of CRC compared to adenoma.
Conclusion: While ColonFlag exhibits low sensitivity compared to established screening methods such as the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) or colonoscopy, its potential to detect CRC before clinical diagnosis suggests an opportunity for identifying more cases than regular screening alone. 

Keywords

• Blood cell count
• Colorectal neoplasms
• Electronic health records
• Machine learning
• Mass screening