Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Journal Team

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

Effect of Video Games on Cognitive Performance and Problem-Solving Ability in the Aged with Cognitive Dysfunction: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Articles InPress

Document Type : Original Article(s)

Authors

Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

10.30476/ijms.2024.101861.3452

Abstract

Background: Mild cognitive impairment is a common aging phenomenon, and the absence of problem-solving abilities significantly contributes to memory decline. This study aimed to investigate the effect of video games on cognitive performance and problem-solving ability in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment.
Methods: In 2023, a double-blind, randomized clinical trial was done on mild cognitive impairment aged randomly divided into control and intervention groups with permuted blocks randomization. The participants in the intervention group played selected smartphone video games thrice a week for 12 weeks, but the control group did not do any intervention. Mini Mental Status Examination and Problem-solving Questionnaire were completed before, 8 weeks after the start, and 4 weeks after the end of the intervention. Statistical tests were done at the significance level considered less than 0.05 and analyzed in SPSS version 16.
Results: The mean±SD age of the 60 elderly participants who finished the study was 71.43±2.59. The mean±SD scores of cognitive performance and problem-solving ability improved in the intervention group (25.18±0.93 and 21.15±1.36) but worsened in the control group (19.43±0.76 and 13.72±1.98) (P<0.001). Before the intervention, no significant difference was observed between both groups in cognitive performance and problem-solving ability. However, there was a significant difference 8 weeks after the start and 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Playing video games thrice a week for 12 weeks can improve cognitive performance and problem-solving ability in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment. This approach is suggested for implementation.
Trial registration number: IRCT20211110053030N2.

Keywords

References
  1. Shams Ghahfarokhi M. Rising living alone among the elderly in Iran: prevalence and associated factors. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22:622. doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03309-8. PubMed PMID: 35883051; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9327280.
  2. Corbo I, Casagrande M. Higher-Level Executive Functions in Healthy Elderly and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med. 2022;11. doi: 10.3390/jcm11051204. PubMed PMID: 35268294; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8911402.
  3. Liu X, Wang G, Cao Y. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia among rural dwellers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Geriatr Nurs. 2024;56:74-82. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.01.003. PubMed PMID: 38306919.
  4. Liu C, Su M, Jiao Y, Ji Y, Zhu S. Effects of Dance Interventions on Cognition, Psycho-Behavioral Symptoms, Motor Functions, and Quality of Life in Older Adult Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:706609. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.706609. PubMed PMID: 34616285; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8488360.
  5. Guarino A, Forte G, Giovannoli J, Casagrande M. Executive functions in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review on motor and cognitive inhibition, conflict control and cognitive flexibility. Aging Ment Health. 2020;24:1028-45. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1584785. PubMed PMID: 30938193.
  6. Deng Y, Zhao S, Cheng G, Yang J, Li B, Xu K, et al. The Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment among Chinese People: A Meta-Analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2021;55:79-91. doi: 10.1159/000512597. PubMed PMID: 33756479.
  7. Garand L, Morse JQ, ChiaRebecca L, Barnes J, Dadebo V, Lopez OL, et al. Problem-solving therapy reduces subjective burden levels in caregivers of family members with mild cognitive impairment or early-stage dementia: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;34:957-65. doi: 10.1002/gps.5095. PubMed PMID: 30868641; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6579659.
  8. Hu C, Yu D, Sun X, Zhang M, Wang L, Qin H. The prevalence and progression of mild cognitive impairment among clinic and community populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Psychogeriatr. 2017;29:1595-608. doi: 10.1017/S1041610217000473. PubMed PMID: 28884657.
  9. Chesham A, Wyss P, Muri RM, Mosimann UP, Nef T. What Older People Like to Play: Genre Preferences and Acceptance of Casual Games. JMIR Serious Games. 2017;5:e8. doi: 10.2196/games.7025. PubMed PMID: 28420601; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5413800.
  10. Liao YY, Yang YR, Wu YR, Wang RY. Virtual reality-based Wii fit training in improving muscle strength, sensory integration ability, and walking abilities in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized control trial. International Journal of Gerontology. 2015;9:190-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijge.2014.06.007.
  11. Rienzo A, Cubillos C. Playability and Player Experience in Digital Games for Elderly: A Systematic Literature Review. Sensors (Basel). 2020;20. doi: 10.3390/s20143958. PubMed PMID: 32708679; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7411672.
  12. Lee S, Oh H, Shi CK, Doh YY. Mobile Game Design Guide to Improve Gaming Experience for the Middle-Aged and Older Adult Population: User-Centered Design Approach. JMIR Serious Games. 2021;9:e24449. doi: 10.2196/24449. PubMed PMID: 34014175; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8176340.
  13. Law LLF, Mok VCT, Yau MKS, Fong KNK. Effects of functional task exercise on everyday problem-solving ability and functional status in older adults with mild cognitive impairment-a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2022;51. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afab210. PubMed PMID: 34673918.
  14. Mohagheghi M, Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi M, Shahshahanipour S, Movallali G, Vahedi M. The effectiveness of assertiveness training on anxiety symptoms in school-age children with specific learning disorder. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2022;22:408-29. doi: 10.32598/RJ.22.4.487.15.
  15. van Sluijs EMF, Ekelund U, Crochemore-Silva I, Guthold R, Ha A, Lubans D, et al. Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: current evidence and opportunities for intervention. Lancet. 2021;398:429-42. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01259-9. PubMed PMID: 34302767; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7612669.
  16. Golshiri P, Mostofi A, Rouzbahani S. The effect of problem-solving and assertiveness training on self-esteem and mental health of female adolescents: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychol. 2023;11:106. doi: 10.1186/s40359-023-01154-x. PubMed PMID: 37032337; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC10084687.
  17. Khosravi P, Ghapanchi AH. Investigating the effectiveness of technologies applied to assist seniors: A systematic literature review. Int J Med Inform. 2016;85:17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.05.014. PubMed PMID: 26216463.
  18. Eggenberger P, Wolf M, Schumann M, de Bruin ED. Exergame and Balance Training Modulate Prefrontal Brain Activity during Walking and Enhance Executive Function in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:66. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00066. PubMed PMID: 27148041; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4828439.
  19. Salami M, Alinaghipour A, Daneshvar R, Hamidi GA, Agahi A, Soheili M, et al. Adapted MMSE and TYM cognitive tests: how much powerful in screening for Alzheimer’s disease in Iranian people. Aging Ment Health. 2020;24:1010-7. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1584786. PubMed PMID: 30884962.
  20. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Smailagic N, Roque-Figuls M, Ciapponi A, Sanchez-Perez E, Giannakou A, et al. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the early detection of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;7:CD010783. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010783.pub3. PubMed PMID: 34313331; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8406467.
  21. Gholami M, Changaee F, Karami K, Shahsavaripour Z, Veiskaramian A, Birjandi M. Effects of multiepisode case-based learning (CBL) on problem-solving ability and learning motivation of nursing students in an emergency care course. J Prof Nurs. 2021;37:612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.02.010. PubMed PMID: 34016321.
  22. Shang P, Cao X, You S, Feng X, Li N, Jia Y. Problem-solving therapy for major depressive disorders in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33:1465-75. doi: 10.1007/s40520-020-01672-3. PubMed PMID: 32767273.
  23. Aajami Z, Kazazi L, Toroski M, Bahrami M, Borhaninejad V. Relationship between Depression and Cognitive Impairment among Elderly: A Cross-sectional Study. J Caring Sci. 2020;9:148-53. doi: 10.34172/jcs.2020.022. PubMed PMID: 32963983; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7492969.
  24. Park SH, Kwak MJ. Performance of the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 with Older Adults Aged over 65 Years: An Updated Review 2000-2019. Clin Gerontol. 2021;44:83-96. doi: 10.1080/07317115.2020.1839992. PubMed PMID: 33164674.
  25. Schepman A, Rodway P. Initial validation of the general attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale. Comput Hum Behav Rep. 2020;1:100014. doi: 10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100014. PubMed PMID: 34235291; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7231759.
  26. Pal D, Vanijja V. Perceived usability evaluation of Microsoft Teams as an online learning platform during COVID-19 using system usability scale and technology acceptance model in India. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;119:105535. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105535. PubMed PMID: 33020676; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7527281.
  27. Xue B, Xiao A, Luo X, Li R. The effect of a game training intervention on cognitive functioning and depression symptoms in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2021;30:e1887. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1887. PubMed PMID: 34291527; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8633942.
  28. Pereira F, Bermudez IBS, Ornelas R, M SC. Impact of game mode in multi-user serious games for upper limb rehabilitation: a within-person randomized trial on engagement and social involvement. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2019;16:109. doi: 10.1186/s12984-019-0578-9. PubMed PMID: 31470877; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6716923.
  29. Jirayucharoensak S, Israsena P, Pan-Ngum S, Hemrungrojn S, Maes M. A game-based neurofeedback training system to enhance cognitive performance in healthy elderly subjects and in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:347-60. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S189047. PubMed PMID: 30863028; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6388796.
  30. Cicek A, Ozdincler AR, Tarakci E. Interactive video game-based approaches improve mobility and mood in older adults: A nonrandomized, controlled tri̇al. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020;24:252-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.01.005. PubMed PMID: 32825997.
  31. Khoshnoud S, Alvarez Igarzabal F, Wittmann M. Peripheral-physiological and neural correlates of the flow experience while playing video games: a comprehensive review. PeerJ. 2020;8:e10520. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10520. PubMed PMID: 33384898; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7751419.
  32. Suleiman-Martos N, Garcia-Lara R, Albendin-Garcia L, Romero-Bejar JL, Canadas-De La Fuente GA, Monsalve-Reyes C, et al. Effects of active video games on physical function in independent community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2022;78:1228-44. doi: 10.1111/jan.15138. PubMed PMID: 34935178.
  33. Vazquez FL, Otero P, Garcia-Casal JA, Blanco V, Torres AJ, Arrojo M. Efficacy of video game-based interventions for active aging. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0208192. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208192. PubMed PMID: 30533015; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6289420.
  34. Pavarini SCI, Brigola AG, Ottaviani AC, Luchesi BM, Souza EN, Rossetti ES, et al. Factors associated with cognitive performance in elderly caregivers. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2018;76:685-91. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20180101. PubMed PMID: 30427508.
  35. da Silva AF, de Paula Silva J. Polypharmacy, automedication, and the use of potentially inappropriate medications: Cause of intoxications in the elderly. Rev Med Minas Gerais. 2022;32:e32101. doi: 10.5935/2238-3182.2022e32101.
  36. Moradi P, Masjedi A, Jafari M. Effect of computer games on working memory, visual memory, and executive functions of the elderly. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2021;27:302-17. doi: 10.32598/ijpcp.27.2.3401.1.
  37. Yu R, Leung G, Woo J. Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of a Combined Intervention of Computerized Cognitive Training Preceded by Physical Exercise for Improving Frailty Status and Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041396. PubMed PMID: 33546255; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7913348.
  38. Khushnood K, Altaf S, Sultan N, Ali Awan MM, Mehmood R, Qureshi S. Role Wii Fit exer-games in improving balance confidence and quality of life in elderly population. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71:2130-4. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.319. PubMed PMID: 34580500.
  39. Blažič BJ, Blažič AJ. Overcoming the digital divide with a modern approach to learning digital skills for the elderly adults. Education and Information Technologies. 2020;25:259-79. doi: 10.1007/s10639-019-09961-9.
Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences

Articles InPress, Corrected Proof
Available Online from 19 October 2024
Files
History
  • Received: 19 February 2024
  • Revised: 01 June 2024
  • Accepted: 28 June 2024
Share
How to cite
Statistics