Dear Editor

I read with great interest the article by Safarpour and others, ¹ entitled “Epidemiology of Hepatitis D Virus and Associated Factors in Patients Referred to Level Three Hepatitis Clinic, Fars Province, Southern Iran”. This study addressed an important, yet often under-researched, area of viral hepatitis epidemiology, with its specific focus on hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers in a specific region of Iran. I commend the authors for undertaking this prospective cohort analysis, which provided valuable regional data on HDV prevalence and its associated factors. While the study offered important insights, several aspects, particularly regarding the interpretation of prevalence estimates and the risk factor analysis, warrant further discussion from a public health perspective.

The authors reported an HDV positivity rate of 21.2% (29 out of 137) among the screened HBV patients. ¹ This prevalence was notably high compared to estimates from some other regions of Iran mentioned in the introduction, ^{2 , 3} and significantly higher than the estimated global average among HBV carriers. ⁴ However, it is crucial to contextualize this finding within the study’s specific sampling frame. Participants were selected from a referral clinic population based on specific clinical criteria, namely a low HBV viral load and elevated liver enzymes. This specific clinical profile might inherently select for patients with more frequent HDV superinfection. Therefore, while accurately reflecting the prevalence within this specific clinical subgroup, the 21.2% figure should be interpreted with caution and likely could not represent the general prevalence of HDV among all HBV carriers in Fars Province. This distinction is vital for accurately assessing the population-level disease burden and planning public health screening strategies.

The multivariate analysis identified increasing age as a significant risk factor for HDV infection, which aligned with findings from several other studies. ⁵ From a public health perspective, this suggested a potential cumulative exposure risk over time or could reflect cohort effects related to past transmission dynamics or vaccination campaigns. ¹ This finding reinforced the need for continued vigilance and possibly for targeted screening or counseling for older individuals with HBV infection.

Intriguingly, the study identified a history of dental procedures as a significant protective factor, a finding that appeared counterintuitive, as such procedures were often cited as a risk factor. ⁵ The authors plausibly hypothesized that individuals accessing dental care might possess higher socioeconomic status (SES) or greater health awareness, factors associated with better overall health practices and a potentially lower risk of HDV. This interpretation highlighted a critical challenge in epidemiological studies: disentangling direct procedural risks from the broader social and behavioral determinants of health associated with healthcare utilization. Public health interventions might need to focus less on dental visits themselves and more on reaching populations with lower SES and health literacy.

Furthermore, the multivariate model failed to confirm a statistically significant association for several established HDV risk factors, including intravenous drug use or multiple sexual partners. ¹ While this could reflect true differences in transmission dynamics, it is highly likely that it is influenced by the study’s primary limitation: the small number of HDV-positive cases (n=29). This low number severely restricted the statistical power to detect such associations. Furthermore, the reliance on self-reporting for sensitive behaviors was prone to underreporting bias. Public health messaging must continue to emphasize known transmission routes, even if they were not statistically significant in this particular analysis. Finally, the study’s single-center design also restricted the generalizability of its findings.

To advance our understanding of HDV epidemiology in Iran and inform effective public health strategies, future research should prioritize several avenues. First, population-based prevalence studies using random sampling across diverse regions and settings are required to obtain more representative estimates. Second, larger cohort studies are essential to enhance statistical power for robust risk factor analysis, including the assessment of dose-response relationships. Third, studies incorporating detailed SES indicators are crucial to better explore the hypothesis that SES-associated factors mediate observed associations, such as the one with dental visits. Finally, qualitative research could provide deeper insights into local risk behaviors, knowledge gaps, and barriers to prevention and care related to HBV/HDV transmission.

In conclusion, Safarpour and colleagues provided important, hypothesis-generating data on HDV in a specific clinical cohort in southern Iran. ¹ The high prevalence observed underscored HDV as a significant co-pathogen in certain patient groups with HBV, and the association with age was a key finding. However, the protective association with dental visits required careful consideration of underlying confounders, and the null findings for established risk factors were likely constrained by statistical power. This study effectively highlighted the need for broader, more robust epidemiological research to guide targeted screening, prevention, and control efforts for HDV within Iran.

Conflict of Interest

None declared.

References

1. Safarpour AR, Shahedi A, Fattahi MR, Sadeghi E, Akbarzadeh M, Ahmadi L, et al. Epidemiology of Hepatitis D Virus and Associated Factors in Patients Referred to Level Three Hepatitis Clinic, Fars Province, Southern Iran. Iran J Med Sci. 2025; 50:220-8. Publisher Full Text | DOI | PubMed [ PMC Free Article ]
2. Ghadir MR, Belbasi M, Heidari A, Sarkeshikian SS, Kabiri A, Ghanooni AH, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis d virus infection among hepatitis B virus infected patients in qom province, center of iran. Hepat Mon. 2012; 12:205-8. Publisher Full Text | DOI | PubMed [ PMC Free Article ]
3. Ataei B, Yazdani MR, Kalantari H, Yaran M, Nokhodian Z, Javadi AA, et al. Hepatitis D virus infection in Isfahan, central Iran: Prevalence and risk factors among chronic HBV infection cases. Hepat Mon. 2011; 11:269-72. Publisher Full Text | PubMed [ PMC Free Article ]
4. Chen HY, Shen DT, Ji DZ, Han PC, Zhang WM, Ma JF, et al. Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2019; 68:512-21. DOI | PubMed
5. Su CW, Ochirkhuree B, Namdag B, Badamnachin B, Ganbold S, Gidaagaya S, et al. Risk factors associated with hepatitis D virus infection and preventive strategies in Mongolia. J Chin Med Assoc. 2024; 87:480-7. DOI | PubMed