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Rethinking Neonatal Vaccination Policies: A Neuroimmune Perspective

Articles InPress

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Children Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Neonatology, Children Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

10.30476/ijms.2025.106591.4083

Abstract

Neonatal vaccination is a cornerstone of early-life infectious disease prevention. However, the timing and safety of these interventions require careful consideration. This review explored the neuroimmune implications of early immunization, with a specific focus on the interplay between the developing immune and nervous systems. We examined potential mechanisms through which vaccine-induced immune activation might influence brain development, through epigenetic modifications and sustained cytokine responses, particularly involving interleukin-6 (IL-6). The discussion addressed concerns related to immune overstimulation, regulatory T-cell suppression, and microbiome disruption, considering their potential links to autoimmune and neurodevelopmental disorders. In light of the identified evidence gaps, we advocate for a cautious, individualized vaccination approach guided by the “As Low and Late As Reasonably Achievable” (ALLARA) principle. This strategy aimed to balance robust protection against infectious diseases with the imperative of safeguarding lifelong neurological and immunological health.

Highlights

Zeinab Paymani (Google Scholar)
Mostafa Nazari (Google Scholar)

Keywords

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Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences

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Available Online from 28 January 2026
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  • Received: 12 April 2025
  • Revised: 18 May 2025
  • Accepted: 19 June 2025
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