Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences

Global Epidemiological and Demographic Characteristics of Acute Poisoning: A Narrative Review

Articles InPress

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Ahmad Reza Baghernezhad 1
Masoud Rezaei 2, 3
Sayna Sheikh Navaz Jahed 1
Shaghayegh Moradi Mokaram 4
Roya Savadvand Raziabad 5
Mohaddese Gholamrezai 6
Fereydoon Khayeri 7, 8

1 Department of Nursing, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran

2 Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran

3 Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran

4 Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

5 Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

6 MSc in Rehabilitation Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

7 Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

8 Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

10.30476/ijms.2026.109985.4542
Abstract
Acute poisoning is considered one of the major challenges to healthcare systems, annually leading to substantial mortality, disability, and extensive consumption of medical resources. The diversity of toxic agents, along with geographical, social, and age-related differences in poisoning patterns, highlights the necessity of conducting epidemiological investigations. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of acute poisoning with a focus on demographic features, prevalence, and temporal and seasonal patterns of occurrence.
Unlike many previous studies that focused on specific regions or populations, this narrative review provided a comprehensive global overview of acute poisoning by integrating multiple epidemiological dimensions. This narrative review synthesized evidence from 72 studies published between 2015 and 2025. Relevant literature was identified through searches of major international databases, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus, as well as selected national Persian databases. Google Scholar was also consulted to identify additional relevant publications. Studies were included based on their relevance to the epidemiological and demographic characteristics of acute poisoning.
Based on the reviewed literature, acute poisoning was most frequently reported among individuals aged 18–30 years, married individuals, and during warmer seasons (spring and summer). Non-pharmaceutical agents, particularly pesticides, household chemicals, and illicit drugs, constituted the most common causes of poisoning. Additionally, sex-specific analyses revealed a higher incidence of poisoning among males than females, with a notable contribution from nighttime occurrences. Identifying epidemiological patterns and demographic characteristics of acute poisoning could aid in recognizing high-risk groups and designing effective preventive interventions. Continuous monitoring and broader epidemiological studies are essential to reduce the prevalence and mortality associated with acute poisoning.

Highlights

Ahmad Reza Baghernezhad (Google Scholar)
Fereydoon Khayeri (Google Scholar)

Keywords

Poisoning
Epidemiology
Demography
Drug overdose
Pesticides
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Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences

Articles InPress, Corrected Proof
Available Online from 19 October 2026


  • Received 06 December 2025
  • Revised 13 February 2026
  • Accepted 13 March 2026

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